Abstract
Objective
Methods
Results
Conclusions
Keywords
Advancing early childhood development: from science to scale, executive summary. Lancet. 2016;389(10064):http://www.thelancet.com/series/ECD2016.
US Department of Health and Human Services. AHRQ. Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality. Boyce WT. Epigenomics and the unheralded convergence of the biological and social sciences. Population health: behavioral and social science insights. Available at: https://www.ahrq.gov/professionals/education/curriculum-tools/population-health/boyce.html.
CDC. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Adverse childhood experiences. Available at: www.cdc.gov/violenceprevention/acestudy. Accessed October 10, 2015.
- Hamoudi A.
- Murray D.W.
- Sorensen L.
- et al.
CDC. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Adverse childhood experiences. Available at: www.cdc.gov/violenceprevention/acestudy. Accessed October 10, 2015.
- Hamoudi A.
- Murray D.W.
- Sorensen L.
- et al.
SAMHSA. Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration. Adverse childhood experiences. Available at: https://www.samhsa.gov/capt/practicing-effective-prevention/prevention-behavioral-health/adverse-childhood-experiences.
Stress, neurodevelopment, and programs that promote the wellbeing of children and families: early childhood: March 13-14, 2012, Washington, DC. Meeting summary. Available at: http://www.researchconnections.org/files/childcare/pdf/StressNeurodevelopment.pdf. Accessed October 31, 2016.
American Academy of Pediatrics. Becoming a trauma-informed practice. Available at: https://www.aap.org/en-us/advocacy-and-policy/aap-health-initiatives/resilience/Pages/Becoming-a-Trauma-Informed-Practice.aspx. Accessed December 15, 2017.
Sheldon GH, Tavenner M, Hyde PS. Letter to state directors. Washington (DC): Department of Health and Services; 2013 Jul 11. Available at: https://www.medicaid.gov/Federal-Policy-Guidance/Downloads/SMD-13-07-11.pdf.
AcademyHealth. Child and Adolescent Health Measurement Initiative and AcademyHealth. Promoting early and lifelong health: the challenge of adverse childhood experiences (ACEs) and the promise of resilience. Available at: http://www.academyhealth.org/about/programs/adverse-childhood-experiences-aces.
Robert Wood Johnson Foundation. Adverse childhood experiences. Available at: http://www.rwjf.org/en/library/collections/aces.html. Accessed November 7, 2016.
MARC. Mobilizing Action for Resilient Communities. From “problems” to “issues”: making trauma-informed policy change. Available at: http://marc.healthfederation.org/shared-learnings/from-problems-to-issues-making-trauma-informed-policy-change. Accessed March 15, 2017.
Data Resource Center for Child & Adolescent Health. The National Survey of Children's Health. Available at: http://childhealthdata.org/learn/nsch. Accessed February 17, 2016.
U.S. Department of Health & Human Services. Administration on Children, Youth and Families. Children's Bureau. Child maltreatment. Available at: http://www.acf.hhs.gov/programs/cb/research-data-technology/statistics-research/child-maltreatment. Accessed February 21, 2016.
Data Resource Center for Child & Adolescent Health. Overview of adverse child and family experiences among US children. Available at: http://www.childhealthdata.org/docs/drc/aces-data-brief_version-1-0.pdf. Accessed June 1, 2016.
Robert Wood Johnson Foundation. Adverse childhood experiences. Available at: http://www.rwjf.org/en/library/collections/aces.html. Accessed November 7, 2016.
Methods
- (1)Stakeholder meetings to assess needs, goals, and priorities (4 meetings; n = 136);
- (2)Online crowdsourcing of goals and priorities with 10 stakeholder groups using Codigital/Collective Insight software (Codigital Limited, London, UK)44(4 rounds; 10 groups; n = 136; Table 1);Table 1Description of Crowdsourcing Modified Delphi Process (Using Codigital Software44)
Focus Question Phase I Phase II Phase III Totals Highlights Goals and Requirements for Agenda Priority Issues and Needs Priority Issues and Needs Priority Issues and Needs Invitations, n 22 90 375 327 814 49% of all responses were from health services researchers and pediatric providers. The remainder of respondents were from other stakeholder groups. Participants (not all unique), n 13 30 127 80 250 Ideas proposed (not all unique), n 47 42 172 102 363 Exchanges to edit and rank ideas, n (average per idea) 426 (9.06) 665 (15.8) 1737 (10.1) 744 (7.30) 4185 (2.45) Response rate, % 59.1 33 34.3 29.8 39 ∗ Some individuals participated in more than 1 phase.∗∗ Top 20 ideas were rotated into new rounds for further editing and ranking.† Response rates were as high as 84% for family leaders and 73.4% for state policy and program leaders to a low of 18.2% for federal agency and program leaders. - (3)Literature, environment, and measurement methods scan (5228 publications scanned, 300 in-depth reviews, 200 website reviews; 40 key informant interviews);
- (4)Foundational research and production of related data resources using the 2011–12 NSCH (2 data briefs; 2 policy/white papers; 3 journal publications; 2 magazine/press articles; design of methods to create county/city-level child and youth ACEs and resilience data)40,41,
Data Resource Center for Child & Adolescent Health. Overview of adverse child and family experiences among US children. Available at: http://www.childhealthdata.org/docs/drc/aces-data-brief_version-1-0.pdf. Accessed June 1, 2016.
42,45,Johns Hopkins Public Health. The new science of thriving: our well-being—individually and as a society—depends on mindfulness. Available at: http://magazine.jhsph.edu/2016/spring/forum/rethinking-the-new-science-of-thriving. Accessed February 5. 2016.
46,Bethell CD, Hassink S, Abatemarco D, et al. Leveraging mind-body neuroscience and mindfulness to improve pediatrics. Child and Adolescent Health Measurement Initiative Mindfulness in Pediatrics White Paper, 2012. Available at: http://www.cahmi.org/wp-content/uploads/2017/03/Mindfulness-In-Pediatrics-and-MCH-Overview-Poster-Content-4_29_13-CB-1.pdf. Accessed October 10, 2016.
47,48,49,50;Sege R, Bethell C, Linkenbach J, et al. Balancing adverse childhood experiences with HOPE: New insights into the role of positive experience on child and family development. Boston: The Medical Foundation; 2017. Available at: http://www.cssp.org.
- (5)In-person focus groups and roundtable listening sessions (8 forums conducted at national research, policy, and practice-community conferences; approximately 125 participants);
- (6)Commissioned research and policy articles, including the development of this special issue of Academic Pediatrics, and an August 2016 JAMA Pediatrics publication51;
- (7)Education and engagement presentations and workshops (31 sessions between May 2013 and December 2016; approximately 3000 participants overall; feedback informed agenda);
- (8)Participatory action research partnerships to learn about and build the field, including the collaborative design, dissemination and evaluation of state, county, and city data-in-action infographics (http://childhealthdata.org/docs/default-source/local-area-synthetic-estimates/adverse-childhood-experiences-among-baltimore-maryland-s-children.pdf?Status=Master) and trainings and facilitating inclusion of ACEs and protective factors data into news publications, policy forums, and national reports like Americas Health Rankings (www.americashealthrankings.org/learn/reports/2016-annual-report).

AcademyHealth. Child and Adolescent Health Measurement Initiative and AcademyHealth. Promoting early and lifelong health: the challenge of adverse childhood experiences (ACEs) and the promise of resilience. Available at: http://www.academyhealth.org/about/programs/adverse-childhood-experiences-aces.
Results

|
Priority 1: Translate the Science of ACEs, Resilience, and Nurturing Relationships
AVA. Academy on Violence & Abuse. Corwin D, Alexander R, Bair-Merrit M, et al. Adverse childhood experiences: informing best practices: online collaborative living document – version 1.0. Available at: http://www.avahealth.org/aces_best_practices/aces-best-practices.html. Accessed September 14, 2015.
Johns Hopkins Public Health. The new science of thriving: our well-being—individually and as a society—depends on mindfulness. Available at: http://magazine.jhsph.edu/2016/spring/forum/rethinking-the-new-science-of-thriving. Accessed February 5. 2016.
AVA. Academy on Violence & Abuse. Corwin D, Alexander R, Bair-Merrit M, et al. Adverse childhood experiences: informing best practices: online collaborative living document – version 1.0. Available at: http://www.avahealth.org/aces_best_practices/aces-best-practices.html. Accessed September 14, 2015.
- •Coordinated education, awareness-building, and training for health services providers, funders, parents, and families, and other child-serving sectors to establish a common language and personalized understanding about the science of ACEs and thriving as well as strategies for prevention and healing.
- •Changes in clinical practice, insurance coverage, and payment27that complement traditional diagnosis and medical treatment norms to allow for holistic methods that address the cross-cutting social, emotional, stress, and resilience-related common causes (and remediation) of what have typically been viewed as separate risks (eg, different types of ACEs) and health conditions (eg, different mental and behavioral problems).
American Academy of Pediatrics. Becoming a trauma-informed practice. Available at: https://www.aap.org/en-us/advocacy-and-policy/aap-health-initiatives/resilience/Pages/Becoming-a-Trauma-Informed-Practice.aspx. Accessed December 15, 2017.
- •Training and partnerships with nontraditional providers with skills to prevent ACEs, facilitate healing effects of ACEs-related trauma, toxic and chronic stress, and cultivate resilience and related social and emotional skills.10,30This might include professionals in parenting education and mindfulness-based, mind-body, and other trauma healing and prevention methods6,25,
Stress, neurodevelopment, and programs that promote the wellbeing of children and families: early childhood: March 13-14, 2012, Washington, DC. Meeting summary. Available at: http://www.researchconnections.org/files/childcare/pdf/StressNeurodevelopment.pdf. Accessed October 31, 2016.
42,64that rely on individual, family, and community engagement, rather than use of traditional medical interventions.
Priority 2: Cultivate the Conditions for Cross-Sector Collaboration to Incentivize Action and Address Structural Inequalities
- •Cultivate a shared vision and financing approaches that enable collaboration within health care and between health care and other sectors.
- •Establish shared accountability measures and the capacity to share data across child and family health-serving programs and providers.71
- •Adopt a self-healing ethic among partnerships. The very relationship skills and trauma-healing that children and families require also need to be cultivated among the individuals facilitating and essential to the success of collaborative efforts.36,72,73,74,75
Health Management Associates. Kirkegaard M, Ring J. The case for relationship-centered care and how to achieve it. Available at: https://www.healthmanagement.com/knowledge-share/briefs-reports/case-relationship-centered-care-achieve. Accessed March 15, 2017.
Priority 3: Fuel “Launch and Learn” Research, Innovation, and Implementation Efforts
Johns Hopkins Public Health. The new science of thriving: our well-being—individually and as a society—depends on mindfulness. Available at: http://magazine.jhsph.edu/2016/spring/forum/rethinking-the-new-science-of-thriving. Accessed February 5. 2016.
A “Living” Evidence Synthesis and Dissemination Engine
Innovation and Rapid-cycle Learning Platforms
Open Source Training, Data, and Tools
Engage and Empower Champions
Priority 4: Restore and Reward Safe and Nurturing Relationships and Self, Family, and Community-Led Prevention and Healing
- •Advance training, financing, metrics, and methods to build a caring capacity and to inform and reward for focusing on establishing and restoring SSNRs.
- •Engage self, family, and community in self-care as the driving factor to prevent and heal the trauma associated with ACEs and to proactively improve stress and emotion regulation skills essential for the health and well-being of all children, families, and communities.59,68,72,75
Health Management Associates. Kirkegaard M, Ring J. The case for relationship-centered care and how to achieve it. Available at: https://www.healthmanagement.com/knowledge-share/briefs-reports/case-relationship-centered-care-achieve. Accessed March 15, 2017.
Priority Areas for Research
Clinical Protocols
Outcomes and Costs
Capacity-Building and Accountability
Provider Self-Care
Key Short-Term Research, Policy, and Practice Opportunities and Actions
Priority Opportunities to Leverage Existing Policy-Driven Systems, Structures, and Innovation Platforms
Prioritize early and periodic screening, diagnostic and treatment, and prevention
Focus hospital community benefits strategies
Establish enabling organization, payment, and performance measurement policies
Advance and test Medicaid policy implementation
Sheldon GH, Tavenner M, Hyde PS. Letter to state directors. Washington (DC): Department of Health and Services; 2013 Jul 11. Available at: https://www.medicaid.gov/Federal-Policy-Guidance/Downloads/SMD-13-07-11.pdf.
OPIP. Oregon Pediatric Improvement Partnership. Gillespie RJ, Dowd MD. ACE screening in practice: the medical home response. American Academy of Pediatrics webinar series - Medical Home for Children Exposed to Violence: November 2013. Available at: http://www.oregon-pip.org/resources/presentations.html#webinars. (See Webinars, Gillespie, 2013.) Accessed October 14, 2016.
Inform and track legislation to accelerate translation
ACEs Connection. Prewitt E. Legislation addressing trauma to be introduced soon in US House and Senate. Available at: http://www.acesconnection.com/blog/legislation-to-be-introduced-soon-inus-house-and-senate-to-address-trauma. Accessed March 30, 2017.
Priority Opportunities to Leverage Existing and Evolving Practice Transformation Efforts
Leverage medical/health home and social determinants of health “movement”
Health Management Associates. Kirkegaard M, Ring J. The case for relationship-centered care and how to achieve it. Available at: https://www.healthmanagement.com/knowledge-share/briefs-reports/case-relationship-centered-care-achieve. Accessed March 15, 2017.
OPIP. Oregon Pediatric Improvement Partnership. Gillespie RJ, Dowd MD. ACE screening in practice: the medical home response. American Academy of Pediatrics webinar series - Medical Home for Children Exposed to Violence: November 2013. Available at: http://www.oregon-pip.org/resources/presentations.html#webinars. (See Webinars, Gillespie, 2013.) Accessed October 14, 2016.
Enable, activate, and support child, youth, and family engagement
Build effective peer/family to peer/family support capacity
Empower community-based services and resource brokers (eg, early childhood programs like Head Start, Help Me Grow, Healthy Start, Healthy Steps, school health, youth, and after school programs)
Leverage existing commitments and focus areas in child and family health
Leverage Existing Research and Data Platforms, Resources, and Opportunities
Optimize existing federal surveys and data
Optimize state surveys
Liberate available data
Build crowdsourcing, citizen science, and N of 1 methods
National Institutes of Health. Citizen Science Working Group. Available at: https://citscibio.org/resources/31/download/CS_Working_Group_Intro_rev_4-1-16.pdf.
Shanley L. Competes Act passes Senate, House, Supports Citizen Science, December 19, 2016. Available at: https://www.linkedin.com/pulse/competes-act-passes-senate-house-lea-shanley-phd. Accessed October 20, 2016.
Integrate common-elements research modules for longitudinal studies
Link to collaborative learning and research networks
Health Resources and Services Administration. HRSA. Maternal & Child Health Bureau. Collaborative Innovation & Improvement Networks (CoIINs). Available at: https://mchb.hrsa.gov/maternal-child-health-initiatives/collaborative-improvement-innovation-networks-coiins. Accessed March 15, 2017.
Limitations
Discussion
Assessment, Measurement, and Language
National Initiative for Children's Healthcare Quality, Ariadne Labs and the Einhorn Family Charitable Trust. Promoting young children's (ages 0–3) socioemotional development in primary care. Available at: http://www.nichq.org/how-we-improve/resources/promoting_optimal_child_health#sthash.bZTurPdF.dpuf; 2016 Accessed March 15, 2017.
Alliance. Using a brain science-infused lens for policy development, achieving healthier outcomes for children and families. Available at: http://alliance1.org/sites/default/files/PDF/designcim_science_infused_policy.finalsept272016.pdf.
Health Management Associates. Kirkegaard M, Ring J. The case for relationship-centered care and how to achieve it. Available at: https://www.healthmanagement.com/knowledge-share/briefs-reports/case-relationship-centered-care-achieve. Accessed March 15, 2017.
Sege R, Bethell C, Linkenbach J, et al. Balancing adverse childhood experiences with HOPE: New insights into the role of positive experience on child and family development. Boston: The Medical Foundation; 2017. Available at: http://www.cssp.org.
The Role of Health Care Providers and Systems
Alliance. Using a brain science-infused lens for policy development, achieving healthier outcomes for children and families. Available at: http://alliance1.org/sites/default/files/PDF/designcim_science_infused_policy.finalsept272016.pdf.
Importance of Personal Engagement and Healing Among Providers
Conclusion
Health Management Associates. Kirkegaard M, Ring J. The case for relationship-centered care and how to achieve it. Available at: https://www.healthmanagement.com/knowledge-share/briefs-reports/case-relationship-centered-care-achieve. Accessed March 15, 2017.
Acknowledgments
Supplementary Data
- Supplementary Appendix
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Footnotes
The authors have no conflicts of interest to disclose.