Abstract
Objective
To examine students’ experiences of water security at school and how experiences relate
to intake of water from different sources of water at school.
Design/Methods
In this cross-sectional study, 651 students in grades 3 to 5 in 12 low-income public
elementary schools in the San Francisco area completed surveys about their daily intake
of water from different sources of water at school, experiences of water security
including safety, cleanliness, and taste of water at school, and their demographics.
Multivariable linear regressions examined associations between students’ water security
experiences at school and reported intake from different sources of water at school.
Results
Approximately half of students were Latino (56.1%) and had overweight/obesity (50.4%).
Most (74.5%) had some negative water security experience at school. Students drank
from the school fountain or water bottle filling station a mean of 1.2 times/day (standard
deviation [SD] = 1.4), sinks 0.2 times/day (SD = 0.7), tap water dispensers 0.2 times/day
(SD = 0.6), and bottled water 0.5 times/day (SD = 1.0). In multivariable linear regression,
students with more negative experiences of school water security drank less frequently
from fountains (-0.5 times/day, P value < .001), but more frequently from tap water dispensers (0.1 times/day, P value = .040) and sinks (0.1 times/day, P value = .043), compared to students with no negative perceptions.
Conclusions
On average, students had negative school water security experiences, which decreased
their consumption of water from tap water sources. However, relationships between
negative water security experiences and reported water intake appeared to be mitigated
by water source. Schools should consider installing more appealing water sources to
promote water intake.
Keywords
To read this article in full you will need to make a payment
Purchase one-time access:
Academic & Personal: 24 hour online accessCorporate R&D Professionals: 24 hour online accessOne-time access price info
- For academic or personal research use, select 'Academic and Personal'
- For corporate R&D use, select 'Corporate R&D Professionals'
Subscribe:
Subscribe to Academic PediatricsAlready a print subscriber? Claim online access
Already an online subscriber? Sign in
Register: Create an account
Institutional Access: Sign in to ScienceDirect
References
- Racial/ethnic and socioeconomic disparities in hydration status among US adults and the role of tap water and other beverage intake.Am J Public Health. 2017; 107: 1387-1394https://doi.org/10.2105/AJPH.2017.303923
- Increasing water availability during afterschool snack: evidence, strategies, and partnerships from a group randomized trial.Am J Prev Med. 2012; 43: S136-S142https://doi.org/10.1016/J.AMEPRE.2012.05.013
- Effects of decreasing sugar-sweetened beverage consumption on body weight in adolescents: a randomized, controlled pilot study.Pediatrics. 2006; 117: 673-680https://doi.org/10.1542/peds.2005-0983
- Promotion and provision of drinking water in schools for overweight prevention: randomized, controlled cluster trial.Pediatrics. 2009; 123: e661-e667https://doi.org/10.1542/PEDS.2008-2186
- Impact of change in sweetened caloric beverage consumption on energy intake among children and adolescents.Arch Pediatr Adolesc Med. 2009; 163: 336-343https://doi.org/10.1001/archpediatrics.2009.23
- Water and beverage consumption among children age 4-13y in the United States: analyses of 2005-2010 NHANES data.Nutr J. 2013; 12: 85https://doi.org/10.1186/1475-2891-12-85
- Drinking water in the United States: implications of water safety, access, and consumption.Annu Rev Nutr. 2020; 40: 345-373
- Water and beverage consumption among adults in the United States: cross-sectional study using data from NHANES 2005-2010.BMC Public Health. 2013; 13: 1068https://doi.org/10.1186/1471-2458-13-1068
- Factors associated with low water intake among US high school students—National Youth Physical Activity and Nutrition Study, 2010.J Acad Nutr Diet. 2012; 112: 1421-1427https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jand.2012.04.014
- Examining recent trends in the racial disparity gap in tap water consumption: NHANES 2011–2018.Public Health Nutr. 2022; 25: 207-213https://doi.org/10.1017/S1368980021002603
- The relationship of perceptions of tap water safety with intake of sugar-sweetened beverages and plain water among US adults.Public Health Nutr. 2014; 17: 179-185https://doi.org/10.1017/S1368980012004600
- Lead in the water: a tale of social and environmental injustice.JAMA. 2016; 315: 2053-2054https://doi.org/10.1001/JAMA.2016.5581
- Bottled, filtered, and tap water use in Latino and non-Latino children.Arch Pediatr Adolesc Med. 2007; 161: 457-461https://doi.org/10.1001/ARCHPEDI.161.5.457
- Perceptions about water and increased use of bottled water in minority children.Arch Pediatr Adolesc Med. 2011; 165: 928https://doi.org/10.1001/archpediatrics.2011.83
- In-home tap water consumption trends changed among U.S. children, but not adults, between 2007 and 2016.Water Resour Res. 2020; 56e2020WR027657https://doi.org/10.1029/2020WR027657
- Perceptions of tap water and school water fountains and association with intake of plain water and sugar-sweetened beverages.J Sch Health. 2014; 84: 195-204https://doi.org/10.1111/josh.12138
- Association of caloric intake from sugar-sweetened beverages with water intake among US children and young adults in the 2011-2016 National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey.JAMA Pediatr. 2019; 173: 602-604https://doi.org/10.1001/JAMAPEDIATRICS.2019.0693
- Use of parks or playgrounds: reported access to drinking water fountains among US adults, 2009.J Public Health (Bangkok). 2012; 34: 65-72https://doi.org/10.1093/pubmed/fdr047
- Sugar-sweetened beverages and children's health.Annu Rev Public Health. 2016; 37: 273-293https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev-publhealth-032315-021528
- Resolved: there is sufficient scientific evidence that decreasing sugar-sweetened beverage consumption will reduce the prevalence of obesity and obesity-related diseases.Obes Rev. 2013; 14: 606-619https://doi.org/10.1111/obr.12040
- Added sugars and cardiovascular disease risk in children: a scientific statement from the American Heart Association.Circulation. 2017; 135: e1017-e1034https://doi.org/10.1161/CIR.0000000000000439
- Added sugars in the diet are positively associated with diastolic blood pressure and triglycerides in children.Am J Clin Nutr. 2014; 100: 46-52https://doi.org/10.3945/ajcn.113.076505
- Trends in beverage consumption among children and adults, 2003-2014.Obesity. 2018; 26: 432-441https://doi.org/10.1002/oby.22056
- Grab a cup, fill it up! An intervention to promote the convenience of drinking water and increase student water consumption during school lunch.Am J Public Health. 2015; 105: 1777-1783https://doi.org/10.2105/AJPH.2015.302645
- Effect of a school-based water intervention on child body mass index and obesity.JAMA Pediatr. 2016; 170: 220-226https://doi.org/10.1001/JAMAPEDIATRICS.2015.3778
- Middle school student attitudes about school drinking fountains and water intake.Acad Pediatr. 2014; 14: 471-477https://doi.org/10.1016/j.acap.2014.05.010
- A cluster-randomized controlled trial of an elementary school drinking water access and promotion intervention: rationale, study design, and protocol HHS public access.Contemp Clin Trials. 2021; 101106255https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cct.2020.106255
California Department of Education. DataQuest—educational demographic reports—select additional parameters. Available at:https://data1.cde.ca.gov/dataquest/page2.asp?level=School&subject=FitTest&submit1=Submit. Accessed December 17, 2019.
- Development and validation of a beverage and snack questionnaire for use in evaluation of school nutrition policies.J Am Diet Assoc. 2009; 109: 1587-1592https://doi.org/10.1016/J.JADA.2009.06.365
- Development and validation of a child report assessment of child food insecurity and comparison to parent report assessment.J Hunger Environ Nutr. 2013; 8: 128-145
- Reliability and validity of the PAQ-C questionnaire to assess physical activity in children.J Sch Health. 2016; 86: 677-685https://doi.org/10.1111/JOSH.12418
Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC). National Center for Health Statistics. National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey Anthropometry Procedures Manual. Hyattsville, MD: U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention; 2017
- 2000 CDC growth charts for the United States: methods and development.Vital Health Stat 11. 2002; 11: 1-190
- Correlates of infrequent plain water intake among US high school students: National Youth Risk Behavior Survey, 2017.Am J Health Promot. 2020; 34: 549-554https://doi.org/10.1177/0890117120911885
- Trends in tap and bottled water consumption among children and adults in the United States: analyses of NHANES 2011-16 data.Nutr J. 2020; 19: 1-14https://doi.org/10.1186/S12937-020-0523-6/TABLES/5
- Disparities in plain, tap and bottled water consumption among US adults: National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES) 2007–2014.Public Health Nutr. 2018; 21: 1455https://doi.org/10.1017/S1368980017004050
Article Info
Publication History
Published online: May 06, 2022
Accepted:
April 30,
2022
Received:
July 30,
2021
Publication stage
In Press Journal Pre-ProofFootnotes
The authors have no conflicts of interest to disclose.
Identification
Copyright
Copyright © 2022 by Academic Pediatric Association
